Index
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z |
|
S safety: capacitor units, 955-63
saturated type reactors, 975-76, 1018-21
devices, 351 electric motors, 351 Ex `i' circuits, 202-03 SCADA system, 569, 912-27 scoop control fluid couplings, 227-30, see also fluid couplings screws, standards, 1048 seaquakes, 515 tsunami, 515
section determination, conductors/enclosures, 1084-85
segregated phase bus systems, 986-87 seismic effects: bus systems, 1006, 1094
seismology
electrical machines, 294 energy released, 509-12 metal enclosed systems, 507-09, 1094 switchgear assemblies, 415, 507-10 test requirements, 485-86, 617-21 seismic research centers, 512 tsunami, 515, see also earthquakes geo-physical changes, 512
self-healing capacitors, 935, 940-41
interferometer, 512 international association of earthquake engineers(IAEE), 513 land surface temperature, 512 prediction, 511 preventive measures, 525-26 radar interferometry system, 512 seismic research centers, 512 temporal and spatial variations, 511 thermal remote sensing technique, 512 semiconductor devices: applications, 134-42 conversion wind power, 137, 216
cyclo converters, 137-38 high current rectifiers, 138 HV dc transmission, 135-37 static drives, 139-42 static frequency converters, (SFCs), 137 static VAr compensators (SVCs), 138-39, 911-12 switching large machines, 137 microprocessor-based relays, 341-43, 872-73 motor control, 137-45
sequence impedances (Z0,Z1,Z2), 399 protection, 156-60 rectifiers units, 138-39 relays, 341-43, 872-73 reverse conducting thyristors, 131 serial data transmission, 420, 922 series capacitors, 883-84, 903-04 ferro-resonance effects, 764, 885
series compensation, 903-06 protection, 960-63 rating, 883-84 sub-synchronous resonance, 885-86 system voltage regulation, 883-86 advantages, 884-86
series inductance, 858, 950-51 system voltage regulation, 884-86 series reactors, 848-49, 976-79 service conditions: bus systems, 997-99, 1004-07
service factors, 198, 207 cables, 623 metal enclosed systems, 997-99 motors, 9 performance, 3-40 switchgear assemblies, 414-16 sewage submersible pump motors, 193 SGCTs see symmetrical gate commutated thyristors shaft currents caused by PWM inverter drives, 273-75 prevention, 273
shell protection capacitors, 956-57 shielding EMI signals, 392, 875-76 shock loading, 79-80 short-circuit effects, 997-1004, 1069-70 short-circuit tests: bus systems,1093, 1096-97
short-time:
metal enclosed switchgear assemblies, 495-98 motor control centre, 499 panels, 496 power circuits, 493 power distribution, 412, 496 short-time current, 497 switchgear assemblies, 495-99 current, 498
shrouding, 426-27, 432-33, see also enclosures
duties, 77-79 factors CTs, 563 induction motors, 77-79 ratings cables, 626-27
components guidelines, 419 switchgear assemblies, 395-99, 416-20 transformers, 563-64 shunt capacitors, 903-04, 955-60 shunt reactors, 902-03, 976 signal shielding, 165, 392 silicon-controlled rectifiers, 130-31, see also semiconductor devices silver plating joints, 993, 1047 silver plating conductors, 992-93 single core cables, 424-25 single CT protection, 786 single phasing, 324-25, 335-36 single phasor (vector) control, 118-20 single-capacitors switching, 851-52 single-device motor protection relays, 338-43 single-phase motors: capacitor start, 28-30
single-phase systems protection, 775-78
induction, 27-35 split phase winding, 27-28 universal, 31-32 skin effects: analysis, 1009-10
slip measurement, 298-99
bus systems, 1008-13 conductors, 1008-13 determination, 1010-13 isolated conductors, 1009-10 rectangular bars, 1010 tubular conductors, 1078-79 slip recovery systems, 171-73 slip-ring induction motors: automatic speed control, 110
slip-ring motor tests, 306
control, 95-110 duty rating, 104 electrode electrolyte starters, 108-09 features, 97 five-step stator-rotor starter, 103 formulae, 110 rotor resistance calculation, 105-07 rotor resistance selection, 98-101 speed control, 107-10 standards, 110 starting, 97-105, 107-09 step numbers, 104-06 temperature limits, 105 smoothing reactors, 980 soft starting, 91-92, 169-71 soft stopping, 171 soil: conductivity, 812
solar radiation, 1080, 1085, 1096
contact resistance, 812 moisture, 812 performance improvement, 812 resistivity, 802-03, 812 solid neutral grounding systems, 766 solid-state technology: control, 125-30
space factors, conductor, 1003, see also proximity effects
energy conservation, 166-69 process plant operation, 173-76 PWM inverters, 165-66 relays, 338-39 speed control, 113-15 space fields, 1082 space heaters, 351, 428, 432 motor control centres, 428
space saver belts, 236-41
switchgear assemblies, 455 SPDs - see LV surge protection devices special-purpose capacitor units, 938 special-purpose current transformers(PS), 553-63 special-purpose motors, 185-220 formulae, 219
specifications:
selection, 209-12 standards, 218-19 current transformers, 544-50, 564
speed control slip-ring motors:
electrical motors, 292 formed coils, 304-05 impulse voltage withstand tests, 285-9, 304-05 ISO, 285-91 Zones, 200-02 automatic, 110
cage motors, 113 constant torque, 115-17 fluid couplings, 177, 224-33 motor sensors, 125 |
slip-ring induction motors, 107-10
speed switches, 352 solid-state technology, 113-15 squirrel cage motors, 113 speed-current tests, 300 speed-torque: curves, 43 tests, 300-01 spill currents, 555 - see protection spinning frame motors, 187-88 splashing water ingress protection, 307-08 split phase winding, 27-28 splitter plates, 729-31 sprayers, hand-held, 310 squaring technique, 341 squirrel cage induction motors: autotransformer starting, 87-90
squirrel cage motors, 113, 217 closed transient condition, 90-91
direct on-line starting, 85-86
open transient condition, 89-90 electrolyte switching, 92 formulae, 94 HV motors, 89-90 LV motors, 89 reduced voltage starting, 86-92 soft starting, 91-92 speed control, 113 standards, 94 star/delta starting, 86-87, 90 starting, 83-90 suitability, 210-12 switching, 90-91 vertical hollow shaft, 192, see also induction motors double, 44-45
stability PS CTs, 556 stainless steel grid resistance, 100 stalled conditions, 51-52 stalling protection, 335 standard device function numbers, 443 standards: aluminium, 1065
star capacitor units, 829-30, 942-43 bearings, 280 bolts, 1048 brushes, 280 bus systems, 1036, 1099 cables, 641 capacitors, 877, 951, 968 captive power generation, 615 circuit interrupters, 758 copper, 1065 electric motors, 60, 365 enclosures, 1089 flat belts, 253 ground fault protection schemes, 794 grounding practices, 821 induction motors, 39, 81, 93, 109 insulation, 265, 772 ISO 9000, 285-89 ISO 9001, 285, 289-91 ISO 9002, 286 ISO 9003, 286 ISO 9004, 286 metal enclosed systems, 527, 1099 motors, 217-18 over-voltages, 772 painting, 481 reactors, 980 screws, 1048 slip-ring induction motors, 109 solar radiation, 1099 special-purpose motors, 209-10 squirrel cage induction motors, 93 surge arresters, 718 switchgear assemblies, 526-27 switching devices, 951 system grounding, 772 system voltage regulation, 930 transformers, 574 V-belts, 253 voltage regulation, 930 voltage surges, 674 star connected stators, 325-26 star/delta starting, 86-87, 90 start and brake duties, 66-67 starters soft, 357 starting: current effects, 46
starting reduced voltage, 86-91 diesel generators, 587-88 frequency of starts and stops, 59 induction motors, 95, 97-109 control, 165-68
slip-ring induction motors, 95, 97-109 heating, 49-50 induction, 83-93, 97-109 soft starting, 91-92, 169-71 squirrel cage induction motors, 83-94 switchgear assemblies, 449-50 static control, motors, 111-83 static devices, harmonics, 163-64 static drives, 139, 166-75 configurations, 142
stations see power stations derating of motors, 162 static frequency converters (SFCs), 137 static VAr compensators(SVCs), 138 versus fluid coupling, 177 stator-rotor starters, 103 stators: currents, 7, 321
steel: heat, 322, 325 induction motors, 3-40 star connected, 326 core losses, 18
steep-fronted transient recovery voltage, 662-67 punched grid resistors, 100 steep-rising surges, 655-62 step numbers, 104 step voltages: grounding grids, 813-15
stopping motors, 59, 171 tolerable, 806 straight-through joints, 1042-45 strip grounding, 800-01 stripping tests, 475 stroboscopic methods, 299 sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), 885-86 submersible pump motors, 190-91 sugar mill centrifuge motors, 189-90 sulphur hexaflouride gas circuit breakers, 733-40, 748-53 summation current transformers, 550-57 supplies, interlocking schemes, 436-38 surface-cooled motors, 196 surge protective devices comparison of surge protective devices, 678
surge arresters: conventional gapped discharge type, 675 exploding of MOVs, 678 expulsion type, 675 LV surge protection, 674 LV surge protection devices(SPDs), 674 monitoring the health of SPDs, 678 non-linear resistor (SiC) type, 675 non-conventional gapless metal oxide surge arresters(MOVs), 675 procedure to select an SPD, 678 RC-LC-filters, 675 SCR suppressors, 675 silicon avalanche diode suppressors(SAS), 675 spark-gap type, 675 surface protective devices (SPDs), 670 surge suppressors, 673 theory of surge protection, 674 transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSSs), 675 application, 681-719
basic insulation levels (BIL), 687-88 classification, 707-08 distribution class, 708-09
condition assessment, 710-15 station class, 707-08 surge protection devices (SPDs) for LV system, 675-79 coordinating current, 688 discharge current, 688 distribution networks, 700-01, electromagnetic transference, 695 electrostatic transference, 694 energy capability, 706-07, 715, 719 factor r values, 698 formulae, 718-19 gapless, 634, 699 gapped, 683-84 leakage current monitoring, 712-13 monitoring health, 712-13 motors, 662-67, 708-09 parameters, 696-97, 716 power generation, 700-01 pressure relief facilities, 709-10 protection analysis, 716-17 characteristics, 705 levels, 703-06 margins, 688 reflections, 691-99, 715-16 resonance effects, 699 selection, 681-719 standards, 718 station class, 714-18 |
transferences, 694-69, 715-16
surges: transmission, 700-01 travelling wave reflection, 691-94 ZnO, 684-87 capacitors, 829-32
SVCs, see static VAr compensators (SVCs), 138 , containing severity, 747 defining, 689 diverters see surge arresters energy definition, 653-54 frequencies, 651-52 impedance, 652-53 definition, 649-53
LV system, see surge protective devices power capacitors, 829-32 protection, 674-78 steep-rising, 655-62 suppressors, 673-74 switching, 657-59 transferences, 666-67, 694-97, see also protection; voltage surges MV motors, 652-54 SVC for rolling mill, 139 switchboards see switchgear assemblies switches: circuit interrupters, 723
switchgears closures, 723 duty cycles, 354 LV motors, 359 motor component selection, 353-54, 356 LV motors, 352
switchgear assemblies, 379-642 MV motors, 357 altitude, 414
switchgear assemblies ambient temperatures, 414 application, 387 atmospheric conditions, 414 auxiliary controls, 384 bus systems design, 420-24 compact, 389 construction requirements, 425-29 continuous current ratings, 395-96 control scheme diagrams, 445-53 controlgear, 379-459 conventional, 381 current ratings, 393-99, 416-20 delay tripping, 416-17 design, 393-416, 424-37 diversity factors, 395, 420 draw-out construction, 383-84 equipment ratings, 393-99, 416-20 explosion proof, 414-15 fault levels, 400-02 fixed type, 381 flame proof, 414-15 form of separation, 427 gas insulated switchgears (GIS), 756 floor dimensons, 756
GIS based substations, 748 retrofitting old installations, 757 grounding arrangements, 427 impact test, 501 impedances negative phase sequence, 399-400, 765-66
impulse levels, 393-94 positive phase sequence, 397-400, 765-66 zero phase sequence, 399-400, 765-66 installation, 441-42, 443-44 instrument wiring, 450, 455 insulation, 393-94, 488 intelligent switchgears, 755 internal arc protection, 429 LV fault levels, 400-08 maintenance, 441-42, 443-44 manufacturing practices, 425-29 mechnical impacts IK, 425 metal enclosed, 483-528 motor control centres, 428-30 motor protection, 346-49 painting, 468-75 power circuits, 445-55 power frequencies, 395 pressure relief mechanism, 429 ratings, 393-99, 416-20 seismic effects, 415 sequence impedances (Z0,Z1,Z2), 399 service conditions, 393, 414-16 short-time ratings, 396-406 signal shielding, 392-93 space heaters, 432, 455 standards, 456-58 starters wiring scheme, 450-54 surge frequencies, 395 temperatures, 395-96 testing, 493-528 thermal ratings, 416 tripping, 416 types, 381-91 vibration effects, 415 whisker formation, 444 wiring, 450-55, see also metal enclosed switching: auctioneering, 869
switching surges on an LV system, 660 binary sequences, 869-70 capacitors, 825-79, 867-70 circuit harmonics, 157-59, 832, 840 circuit interrupters, 723-25 devices, 933-52 equipment, 961 first in first out sequences, 869 first in last out sequences, 869 formulae, 952 harmonics, 157-59, 832, 844 inrush, 851-55 interrupters, 723-25 LV systems, 660-61 mediums, 723-25 over-voltages, 829-32 power capacitors, 825-79 protection, 666-67 rating, 933-52 reactive banks, 908-12 sequences, 867, 869-70 standards, 951 surges, 657-59 containment, 747
transient-free, 858, 910-11 LV system, 660 rotating machines, 666-74 static devices, 662 caused by static devices, 662
symbols, 449 comparison of surge protective devices, 678 conventional gapped discharge type, 675 contact bouncing, 661 exploding of MOVs, 678 expulsion type, 675 LV surge protection, 674 LV surge protection devices(SPDs), 674 monitoring the health of SPDs, 678 non-linear resistor (SiC) type, 675 non-conventional gapless metal oxide surge arresters(MOVs), 576 procedure to select an SPD, 678 RC-LC-filters, 675 SCR suppressors, 675 silicon avalanche diode suppressors(SAS), 675 spark-gap type, 675 surge protective devices (SPDs), 670 surge suppressors, 673 theory of surge protection, 674 transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSSs), 675 symmetrical lines, 902 synchronization, 601-08 synchronous generators, 212 synchronous motors, 594-601 synchroscopes, 604 system grounding, 759-72 formulae, 772
system harmonics, 157-59, 832-44, see also harmonic effects insulation, 769-70 standards, 772 system voltage regulation, 881-931 capacitors, 883-84, 909 compensation, 886-87 formulae, 920-31 large reactive banks, 908-12 lines, 889-96 reactive banks, 908-12 reactive power management, 887-93 receiving-end voltage, 903-06 series capacitors, 883-84 series compensation, 884-86 stability levels, dynamic, 906-07
standards, 930 transient, 907-08 switching reactive banks, 908-12 thyristors, 909-10 transient stability levels, 907-08 transmission lines, 889-93 |
